In this paper, we present an approach and experimental results to suggest the past presence of an application after the application has been uninstalled and the system has remained in use. Current techniques rely on the recovery of intact artifacts and traces, e.g., whole files, Windows Registry entries, or log file entries, while our approach requires no intact artifact recovery and leverages trace evidence in the form of residual partial files. In the case of recently uninstalled applications or an instrumented infrastructure, artifacts and traces may be intact and complete. In most cases, however, digital artifacts and traces are al- tered, destroyed, and disassociated over time due to normal system operation and deliberate obfuscation activity. As a result, analysts are often presented with partial and incomplete artifacts and traces from which defensible conclusions must be drawn. In this work, we match the sectors from a hard disk of interest to a previously constructed catalog of full files captured while various applications were installed, used, and uninstalled. The sectors composing the files in the catalog are not necessarily unique to each file or application, so we use an inverse frequency-weighting scheme to compute the inferential value of matched sectors. Similarly, we compute the fraction of full files associated with each application that is matched, where each file with a sector match is weighted by the fraction of total catalog sectors matched for that file. We compared results using both the sector-weighted and file- weighted values for known ground truth test images and final snapshot images from the M57 Patents Scenario data set. The file-weighted measure was slightly more accurate than the sector-weighted measure, although both identified all of the uninstalled applications in the test images and a high percentage of installed and uninstalled applications in the M57 data set, with minimal false positives for both sets. The key contribution of our work is the sug- gestion of uninstalled applications through weighted measurement of residual file fragments. Our experimental results indicate that past application activity can be reliably indicated even after an application has been uninstalled and the host system has been rebooted and used. The rapid and reliable indication of previously uninstalled applications is useful for cyber defense, law enforcement, and intelligence operations.
In this paper, we present an approach and experimental results to suggest the past presence of an application after the application has been uninstalled and the system has remained in use. Current techniques rely on the recovery of intact artifacts and traces, e.g., whole files, Windows Registry...
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In this paper, we present an approach and experimental results to suggest the past presence of an application after the application has been uninstalled and the system has remained in use. Current techniques rely on the recovery of intact artifacts and traces, e.g., whole files, Windows Registry entries, or log file entries, while our approach requires no intact artifact recovery and leverages trace evidence in the form of residual partial files. In the case of recently uninstalled applications or an instrumented infrastructure, artifacts and traces may be intact and complete. In most cases, however, digital artifacts and traces are al- tered, destroyed, and disassociated over time due to normal system operation and deliberate obfuscation activity. As a result, analysts are often presented with partial and incomplete artifacts and traces from which defensible conclusions must be drawn. In this work, we match the sectors from a hard disk of interest to a previously constructed catalog of full files captured while various applications were installed, used, and uninstalled. The sectors composing the files in the catalog are not necessarily unique to each file or application, so we use an inverse frequency-weighting scheme to compute the inferential value of matched sectors. Similarly, we compute the fraction of full files associated with each application that is matched, where each file with a sector match is weighted by the fraction of total catalog sectors matched for that file. We compared results using both the sector-weighted and file- weighted values for known ground truth test images and final snapshot images from the M57 Patents Scenario data set. The file-weighted measure was slightly more accurate than the sector-weighted measure, although both identified all of the uninstalled applications in the test images and a high percentage of installed and uninstalled applications in the M57 data set, with minimal false positives for both sets. The key contribution of our work is the sug- gestion of uninstalled applications through weighted measurement of residual file fragments. Our experimental results indicate that past application activity can be reliably indicated even after an application has been uninstalled and the host system has been rebooted and used. The rapid and reliable indication of previously uninstalled applications is useful for cyber defense, law enforcement, and intelligence operations.
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