One of the central problems in testing is determining what output should be expected for a given set of inputs. This question is known as the "test oracle problem". When a test oracle must be determined manually, testing becomes extremely expensive and time consuming. Thus a component of any test process must be efficient solutions to the oracle problem. This section discusses a variety of approaches to solving the oracle problem and reducing test cost.
Security and Privacy: assurance, modeling, testing & validation
Technologies: semiconductors, software & firmware