cyber-physical systems CPS

"Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are smart systems that include engineered interacting networks of physical and computational components. These highly interconnected and integrated systems provide new functionalities to improve quality of life and enable technological advances in critical areas, such as personalized health care, emergency response, traffic flow management, smart manufacturing, defense and homeland security, and energy supply and use. In addition to CPS, there are many words and phrases (Industrial Internet, Internet of Things (IoT), machine-to-machine (M2M), smart cities, and others) that describe similar or related systems and concepts.4 There is significant overlap between these concepts, in particular CPS and IoT, such that CPS and IoT are sometimes used interchangeably" (Framework for Cyber-Physical Systems, Release 1.0, May 2016).